We also share information about your use of this site with our advertising and social media partners.Stone J. Pract Neurol 2016;16:7–17. Biomed Res Int 2017:1–14. Patients do not have to be stressed, depressed or anxious to develop functional symptoms, nor had they had to have had an adverse childhood experience. Ludwig L, Pasman JA, Nicholson T et al (2018) Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies.

Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2015) Speech and voice disorders in patients with psychogenic movement disorders. Sosa-Reina MD, Nunez-Nagy S, Gallego-Izquierdo T et al (2017) Effectiveness of therapeutic exercise in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Functional neurological disorder (FND), also known as conversion disorder, is difficult to treat and costly, with few effective interventions. These results are consistent with FND patient exams and symptom reports.Historically FND has traditionally been viewed as an entirely psychological disorder resulting in physical symptoms caused by suppressed trauma. Pract Neurol 19:168–172. Stone J, Edwards MJ (2013) Trick or treat: showing patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms their physical signs. Dailey DL, Vance CG, Rakel BA, et al (2019) A randomized controlled trial of TENS for movement‐evoked pain in women with fibromyalgiaElliott JO, Charyton C (2014) Biopsychosocial predictors of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.

NHS Scotland (2012) Stepped care for functional neurological symptoms. Functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder, FND) is one of the commonest diagnoses made in neurology clinics. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 32:85–89.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 88:484–490. Clin Ther 169:e184–188. Teodoro T, Edwards MJ, Isaacs JD (2018) A unifying theory for cognitive abnormalities in functional neurological disorders, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: systematic review. It is also important to acknowledge that if new persistent symptoms emerge, these need careful assessment and potentially investigation in a normal manner, despite the diagnosis of FND.One approach to encouraging self-managed care is to develop a workbook with patients that they may later refer to, which provides (1) an explanation of the patient’s problems, (2) discussion of triggering factors, (3) reflection on effective treatments that have been delivered including strategies that helped normalize symptoms, (4) markers of progress, (5) future goals and (6) plans to manage setbacks [Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP (2012) Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain. Price JR, Mitchell E, Tidy E, Hunot V (2010) Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. Pain Med 10:730–738. Brain 133:1537–1551. These symptoms are varied and include abnormal control of movement, episodes of altered awareness resembling epileptic seizures and abnormal sensation and are often comorbid with chronic pain, fatigue and cognitive symptoms. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67:361–370. Deitos A, Soldatelli MD, Dussán-Sarria JA et al (2018) Novel insights of effects of pregabalin on neural mechanisms of intracortical disinhibition in physiopathology of fibromyalgia: an explanatory, randomized, double-blind crossover study. Stone J, Sharpe M, Rothwell PM, Warlow CP (2003) The 12 year prognosis of unilateral functional weakness and sensory disturbance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86:1113–1119.